Judaism, one of the oldest monotheistic religions, is practised by Jews around the world. Judaism has several branches or denominations, each with its own practices, beliefs, and traditions. Here’s an overview of the main types:
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism adheres strictly to traditional Jewish law and practices. It is characterised by a strong commitment to Torah study, observance of the Sabbath (Shabbat), dietary laws (kashrut), and daily prayer. Orthodox Judaism is further divided into several subgroups, including Modern Orthodox, Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox), and Hasidic Jews.
- Modern Orthodox Jews strive to balance adherence to Jewish law with engagement in modern society.
- Haredi Jews often lead more insular lives, prioritising religious study and observance while minimising interaction with secular society.
- Hasidic Jews, a subset of Haredi Judaism, follow the teachings of specific dynastic leaders, known as Rebbes, and emphasise mysticism, joyous religious observance, and community.
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism (known as Masorti Judaism outside of North America) seeks a middle ground between strict adherence to Jewish law and adaptation to modern life. It respects traditional Jewish laws and customs but allows for adaptation and change. Conservative Judaism emphasises the importance of Jewish law (Halacha), Jewish education, and community.
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism is a liberal branch of Judaism that emphasises the evolving nature of the faith, the autonomy of the individual, and the importance of ethics over ceremonial aspects of religion. Reform Judaism adapts Jewish traditions and rituals to fit contemporary values and lifestyles, often with a focus on social justice. It is more flexible in its approach to Jewish law than Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilisation. It emphasises community and culture over belief and halacha (Jewish law). Reconstructionist Judaism is inclusive, egalitarian, and open to new interpretations of Jewish traditions and practices.
Humanistic Judaism
Humanistic Judaism celebrates Jewish culture and heritage without an emphasis on God or supernatural elements. It focuses on human power and responsibility to shape a better world. Humanistic Judaism is characterised by a secular approach to Jewish tradition, emphasising ethics and cultural identity.
Other groups
There are also several smaller groups and cultural variations within Judaism, such as Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, who trace their heritage to Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East. These groups maintain distinct customs, traditions, and languages (such as Ladino and Judeo-Arabic).
Each branch of Judaism offers a unique perspective on what it means to be Jewish, reflecting the diversity and richness of Jewish thought and practice throughout history.
