The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from 1 July to 3 July 1863, is one of the most significant battles in American history. This pivotal conflict marked a turning point in the Civil War, ending General Robert E. Lee’s second and most ambitious invasion of the North. The battle is remembered for its scale, the high number of casualties, and its profound impact on the course of the war and American history.
Background
The American Civil War context
By the summer of 1863, the American Civil War had been raging for over two years. The Confederacy, led by General Robert E. Lee, had achieved several significant victories in the Eastern Theater, boosting Southern morale and increasing the pressure on the Union. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia had successfully defended the South against multiple Union offensives and had even managed to carry the war into Northern territory.
The strategic importance
After his victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee aimed to capitalise on his momentum by invading the North for a second time. His objectives were multifaceted: to relieve pressure on war-torn Virginia, to encourage European recognition of the Confederacy, and to potentially force the Union into negotiating peace. Lee believed that a major victory on Northern soil could achieve these goals.
The Battle of Gettysburg
Lee’s army crossed the Potomac River and advanced through Maryland into Pennsylvania. The Union Army of the Potomac, now under the command of Major General George G. Meade, moved to intercept. The two armies unexpectedly collided at the town of Gettysburg on 1 July 1863.
Day 1: Initial clashes
The battle began with Confederate forces attacking Union cavalry on the outskirts of Gettysburg. Throughout the day, reinforcements from both sides arrived, escalating the skirmish into a full-scale battle. By evening, the Confederates had driven the Union forces through Gettysburg to strong defensive positions on Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill.
Day 2: The battle expands
On 2 July, Lee ordered attacks on both Union flanks. The fighting was intense, particularly at locations like Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil’s Den, and the Peach Orchard. Despite several opportunities, Confederate forces were unable to break the Union lines, thanks in part to stubborn defences and quick-thinking leaders like Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who famously held the Union’s left flank at Little Round Top.
Day 3: Pickett’s Charge
The third day saw the climax of the battle with Lee’s decision to launch a massive assault on the centre of the Union line at Cemetery Ridge, known as Pickett’s Charge. Approximately 12,500 Confederate soldiers advanced across open fields under heavy artillery and rifle fire. The charge was a devastating failure, resulting in massive Confederate casualties and a decisive Union victory.
Key Players
Union leaders
- Major General George G. Meade: Commander of the Army of the Potomac, whose leadership during the battle was crucial in repelling Confederate attacks.
- Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain: Commanded the 20th Maine and defended Little Round Top, earning the Medal of Honor for his actions.
Confederate leaders
- General Robert E. Lee: Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, whose aggressive tactics ultimately led to the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg.
- Lieutenant General James Longstreet: Lee’s principal subordinate, who disagreed with Lee’s tactics but executed orders, including the ill-fated Pickett’s Charge.
- Major General George Pickett: Led the charge on the third day, which ended in disaster for the Confederacy.
Aftermath
The Battle of Gettysburg resulted in approximately 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing, making it the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War. Lee’s army retreated to Virginia, never to launch another major offensive. The Union victory at Gettysburg, coupled with the fall of Vicksburg on 4 July 1863, gave the North a significant strategic advantage.
Legacy
Gettysburg is often considered the turning point of the Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered four and a half months later, further cemented the battle’s significance by redefining the war as a struggle not just for the Union, but for the principle of human equality.
